Euphemism and Dysphemism_euphemism
1.英语修辞手法及例句
2.英文修辞手法
3.英语常用修辞法22种
4.英语修辞的消极修辞
5.各种修辞手法的英文
6.帮忙翻译!
英语中有20种常见的修辞手法。
1、Simile明喻。明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比,这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性。标志词常用:like,as,seem,as if,as though,similar to,such as等。
2、metaphor隐喻,暗喻。隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成。
3、metonymy借喻,转喻。借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。
4、synecdoche提喻。提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般。
5、synesthesia通感、联觉、移觉。这种修辞法是以视、听、触、嗅、味等感觉直接描写事物。
6、personification拟人。拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物。
7、hyperbole夸张。夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的。它可以加强语势,增加表达效果。
8、rhetorical repetition叠言。这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中,将相同的结构,相同意义词组成句子重叠使用,以增强语气和力量。
9、euphemism委婉,婉辞法。婉辞法指用委婉、文雅的方法表达粗恶、避讳的话。
10、allegory讽喻、比方。这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法,意为“换个方式的说法”。它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事。
11、irony反语。反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式。如在指责过失、错误时、用赞同过失的说法;而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法。
12、pun双关。双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义、借题发挥、作出多种解释、旁敲侧击从而达到意想不到的幽默、滑稽效果。它主要以相似的词形、词意和谐音的方式出现。
13、parody仿拟。这是一种模仿名言、警句、谚语,改动其中部分词语从而使其产生新意的修辞。
14、rhetorical question修辞疑问。它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果。其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定。它的答案往往是不言而喻的。
15、antithesis对照、对比、对偶。这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法。
16、paradox隽语。这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修辞法。
17、oxymoron反意法、逆喻。这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义。往往这样的句子写出来具有很震撼的效果。
18、climax渐进法,层进法。这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小、轻重、深浅、高低等逐层渐进,达到顶点。可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象。
19、anticlimax渐降法。与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小、由强到弱地排列。
20、alliteration押头韵。头韵是英语语音修辞手段之一,它蕴含了语言的音乐美和整齐美,使得语言声情交融、音义一体,具有很强的表现力和感染力。
运用修辞手法的好处:
修辞手法是为提高表达效果,用于各种文章或应用文,在语言写作时表达方法的集合。通过修饰、调整语句,运用特定的表达形式,来提高语言表达作用。
英语修辞手法及例句
孔子曰:“言之无文,行而不远。”汉语中有修辞,英语中自然也有。早在90年代初的TOEFL 听力考试中,美语的修辞手法便得到了初步的运用,随着TOEFL听力不断向Daily(日常生活化)和Functional(语言交际功能化)发展,为考试而刻意雕琢的那些呆板、生硬的语法现象
已荡然无存,各种各样修辞方法的广泛运用已成为听力语言地道性的重要表现。
不过,也正是由于修辞的出现,无形间加大了我们对其语言理解的难度,有时甚至“不知所云”,即使看到了听力文字部分,也是“一头雾水”,但如果我们真正领悟了修辞中字里行间的奥秘,不仅会帮助我们迅速解题,更会被TOEFL听力中的经典修辞艺术所折服。从这种角度考虑,修辞堪称TOEFL听力调色“话”板的点睛笔!
为了透彻理解TOEFL听力修辞语言的话外音,我们有必要对近年来TOEFL听力中出现的各种美语修辞手法做一个分析和总结,以有利于考生究其根本,从而顺利、快捷的解题。
Hyperbole(夸张)
试比较以下TOEFL听力短对话的两种回答方式:
He you asked your brother to do the dishes?
1)Yes, many times.(很多遍了。)
2)Yes, a thousand times.(无数次了。)
很明显,第一种回答方式不如第二种生动,因为a thousand times(无数次)使用了Hyperbole(夸张)的修辞手法。Hyperbole一词源于希腊语的huperbole,意思是exceed(超过),是一种故意夸大其词(overstatement)或言过其实的修辞手法;其特点是对表达对象进行有违常识或不合逻辑的夸张性描写,以达到强烈的修辞效果。如:a river of tears (泪河)、a mountain of coal (煤山)、oceans of people (人海)...
Hyperbole(夸张)在TOEFL听力中的运用也可谓炉火纯青。
比如:(划线部分为夸张之处)
1)You are my lifeser.(你是我的“救命恩人”。)
2)You are 100% right.(你“”的正确。)
3)My back killed me.(我的腰痛的厉害。)
4)You make me feel guilty. (你让我感觉像是在犯罪。)
5)I hen't seen you for ages. (好久不见了呀!)
6)I could sleep for a whole year. (我太困了。)
7)We're all tired to death. (我们快累死了。)
当然,除了TOEFL听力,Hyperbole(夸张)的修辞手法在英语语言文学中的经典范例不胜枚举:
1)One father is more than a hundred schoolmasters. (George Herbert) (一个父亲的作用大于100个教师。)
2)It's a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day. (今天阳光明媚,躲在家中实在太遗憾了。)
3)A drop of ink may make a million think.(George G Byron)(一滴墨水写成的文字可让千万人思索。)
Simile(明喻)
试比较以下两种TOEFL听力表达方式:
1)He spent a lot of money.(他花了大笔的钱。)
2)He spent a lot of money, like water.(他花钱如流水。)
很明显,第二种表达方式比第一种更加生动和形象。因为like water(如流水)使用了Simile(明喻)的修辞手法,这样以来,无疑使语言更加精彩和完美,听力考试也不再单纯是一门考试,而变成了一种享受。Simile(明喻)一词源于拉丁语similes,其意为like(象)。他借助人们的想象力,使用一定的比喻词如:like, as等加以连接,从而清楚的表明两种事物之间的相似之处,使得表达更加新鲜有趣。其典型形式是A is like B.
Simile(明喻)的修辞手法在TOEFL听力中的运用可谓炉火纯青。
比如:(划线部分为明喻之处)
1.Like引导
1) He sweats like a pig.(他像猪一样流汗。)
2) They slept like babies.(他们像婴儿一样熟睡着。)
3) Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.(John Ruskin)
(生活没有目标犹如航行没有指南针。)
4) Records fell like ripe les on a windy day.(E.B. White)(被打破的记录犹如刮风天成熟的苹果——纷纷坠落。)
2.As引导
1)She is as beautiful as a flower.(她像花一样的美丽。)
2)“I am as light as a feather, I am as hy as am angel, I am as merry as a school boy. I am as giddy as a drunken man...”(Charles Dickens)
(我像羽毛一样轻,我像天使一样幸福,我像小学生一样快活,我像喝醉了酒的人一样飘飘然……)
3)The first time I read an excellent book, it is to me as if I had gained a new friend.
(我头一回读到一本好书,对我来说好象交了一位新朋友。)
注意:As引导的as...as结构在英语中得到了广泛应用,若能在口语交流或各种作文考试(如:TWE等)中用上一个,定会得到意想不到的效果,常用的as结构有:
(as) firm as a rock坚如磐石
(as) light as a feather轻如鸿毛
(as) close as an oyster守口如瓶
(as) mute as a fish噤若寒蝉
(as) strong as a horse强壮如牛
(as) cool as a cucumber泰然自若
(as) sober as a judge十分清醒
(as) sure as a gun千真万确
在托福听力之“修辞艺术”(上篇)中,我着重给大家介绍了夸张(Hyperbole)和明喻(Simile),今天我们来着讨一下暗喻(Metaphor)和Irony(反语):
Metaphor(暗喻)
试比较以下两种TOEFL听力表达方式:
1)He is very nice.(他人很好。)
2)He really has a heart of gold.(他有一颗金子般的心。)
很明显,第二种表达方式比第一种更加栩栩如生。因为第二种使用了Metaphor(隐喻的修辞手法。顾名思义,Metaphor(隐喻)也是一种比喻,但不同于Simile(明喻)的是:
Metaphor(隐喻)因为不借助比喻词的帮助而更显精练,其典型形式是A is B.
Simile(明喻)的修辞手法在TOEFL听力中的运用可谓炉火纯青。
比如:(划线部分为明喻之处)
1) A good book is a good friend. (好书是益友。)
2) He has a voice of gold. (他有个金嗓子。)
3) Experience is the best teacher.(经验是的老师。)
4) She has a photographic memory for detail.(她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。)
当然,除了TOEFL听力,Metaphor(隐喻)的修辞手法在英语语言文学中的经典范例不胜枚举:
1)All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.
(William Shakespeare)(整个世界是座舞台,男男女女,演员而已。)
2)Education is not the filling of a pail, but the lighting of a fire.
(William B. Yeats)(教育不是注满一桶水,而是点燃一把火。)
3)He has the microwe smile that warms another person without heat.
(Time, October 29, 19)(他有一种微波微笑,能不加热而使别人温暖。)
注意:由于Metaphor(隐喻)具有隐蔽性,故在TOEFL听力中要特别小心今年来不断出现的Metaphor(隐喻)结构,抓住其引申含义,以免造成误解;这也是TOEFL听力难度增加的表现。
Irony (反语)
试比较以下两种TOEFL听力表达方式:
1)It is not a bargain.(这不是个便宜货。)
2)Some bargain. (他并不上算吧!)
很明显,第二种表达方式比第一种更加具有讽刺效果。因为第二种使用了Irony (反语)的修辞手法。Irony (反语)就是说反话,英语来自希腊语eironeia , 意思是dissimulation(掩饰),是一种通过正话反说或反话正说来取得讽刺、幽默效果的修辞手法。由于Irony(反语)修辞手法的特殊性,所以在TOEFL听力中除了上下文的提示之外,一般要用一定的语气、语调来帮助实现反语的效果。
Irony(反语)的修辞手法在TOEFL听力中的运用可谓炉火纯青。
比如:(划线部分为反语之处)
1) Better luck than I did!(希望你小子更“走运”!?)
2) You are a big help!(你可真够“帮忙”啊!)
3) Only every spare minute!(“只不过”每一分钟的自由时间而已。)
4) You are telling stories!(你讲的“真动听”啊!)
当然,除了TOEFL听力,Irony (反语)的修辞手法在英语语言文学中的经典范例不胜枚举:
1)The public is wonderfully tolerant-it forgives everything except genius. (Oscar Wilde)(世人是宽大得惊人的——除天才以外,他们宽恕一切。)
2)We send missionaries to China so the Chinese can get to heen, but we don't let them into our country. (Pearl Buck)(我们派传教士到中国去,好让中国人能够上天堂,但我们却不让他们进入我国。)
注意: 反语是TOEFL听力一贯的考察模式,由于要借助一定的发音特色,故在听题时,千万不要只理解句意本身,而忽视了语气语调等伟大的指示作用。
在托福听力之“修辞艺术”的前两篇中,我们学习了夸张(Hyperbole)、明喻 (Simile)、暗喻(Metaphor)和Irony (反语)四种修辞方法,现在我们来看一下其他两
种托福听力常用的修辞方法:
Euphemism (委婉)
试比较以下两种TOEFL听力表达方式:
1)I feel sick today.(我今天生病了。)
2)I feel under the weather today. (他今天身体不舒服。)
很明显,第二种表达方式比第一种更加委婉。因为第二种使用了Euphemism (委婉)的修辞手法。英语Euphemism (委婉)一词来源于希腊语 euphemismos,意思是good speech (吉利话),即使用比较文雅、悦耳或委婉的说法来代替粗野或直白的说法。
Euphemism (委婉)的修辞手法在TOEFL听力中的运用可谓炉火纯青。
比如:
1.对于疾病的表述:
1)look off color (气色不好,实指身体有病)
2)under the weather (在恶劣天气条件下, 实指健康欠佳)
3)not all there (神志不清,实指患)
4) long illness (久病,实指癌症),
5) social disease(社会病,实指爱滋病)
英语里常用以替代illness 或disease委婉语还有:condition, disorder, problem, trouble等。
2.对于衰老的表述:
1) advanced in age (年岁上先行的)
2) past one’s prime (已过壮年)
3) feel one’s age ( 感觉上了年纪)
4) golden age (金色岁月)
5) sunset years (日落之年)
英语里表示“老人”可用senior citizen (资深的公民), the longer living (生活经历较长者)等。
Parallelism (平行)
试比较以下两种TOEFL听力表达方式:
1)I love the feeling of sailing on the lake.(我喜欢在湖上航行的感觉。)
2)I love sailing on the lake. It’s so refreshing to feel the wind in
my hair and water on my face. (我喜欢在湖上航行时,清风吹过头发,清漪拂过面颊的感觉。)
很明显,第二种表达方式比第一种更加生动优美,犹如一副水墨山水画儿,因为第二种使用了Parallelism (平行)的修辞手法。这是英语里最常用的修辞格之一,广泛见诸于英语诗歌、、散文、戏剧和演说中。具体方法是将结构相同或类似、意义相关或并重、语气也前后一致的语言成分平行并列在一起,从而达到结构整齐、节奏鲜明、加强语气的效果,换句话讲,就是通过语言的形式美来把语言的内容美更好的表现出来。
Parallelism (平行)的修辞手法在TOEFL听力中的运用可谓炉火纯青。
比如:
1.单词平行
1)I prefer non-fiction: history, social commentary, and stuff like that. (我更喜欢非类作品:历史、社会评论等诸如此类的。)
2)An Englishman thinks seated: a Frenchman, standing; an American, pacing; an Irishman, afterward. (O’ Malley)
(英国人坐着想,法国人站着想,美国人走着想,爱尔兰人事后想。)
2.短语平行
1)We can gain knowledge, by reading, by reflection, by observation or by practice.
(求知门径很多,或阅读,或回忆,或观察,或实践。)
2)I love sailing on the lake. It’s so refreshing to feel the wind in my hair and water on my face.
(我喜欢在湖上航行时,清风吹过头发,清漪拂过面颊的感觉。)
3.句子平行
1)The world listens. The world watches. The world waits to see what we will do. (世界在倾听,世界在注视,世界等待着我们做些什么。)
2)We talked; we sang; we danced. (我们聊天儿;我们唱歌;我们跳舞。)
英文修辞手法
01imile 明喻
明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比。这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性。
标志词常用?like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等。
1 He was?like?a cock?who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.
他就像公鸡一样,以为太阳因为要听他啼叫才升起。
2 Einstein only had a blanket on,?as if?he had just walked out of a fairy tale.
爱因斯坦只盖着一条毯子,好像他刚走出童话故事一样。
02
Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻
隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成。
1 Hope is?a?good breakfast, but it is?a bad supper.
希望是顿美好的早餐,但却是顿糟糕的晚餐。(警告人们不要希望不可能发生的事发生)
2 Some books are to be?tasted,?others?swallowed, and some few to be?chewed and digested.
有些书可供浅尝,有些可以吞食,少数则须咀嚼消化。
03
Metonymy 借喻,转喻
借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。
1 以容器代替内容
The kettle?boils.?
水开了。
2 以资料、工具代替事物的名称
Lend me your?ears, please.
请听我说。
3 以作者代替作品
a complete?Shakespeare?
莎士比亚全集
4 以具体事物代替抽象概念
I had the?muscle, and they made money out of it.
我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱。
04
Synecdoche 提喻
提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般。
1 部分代整体
There are about 100?hands?working in his factory.
他的厂里约有100名工人。
2 特殊代一般
He is?the Newton?of this century.
他是本世纪的牛顿。
3 整体代部分
The fox?goes very well with your cap.?
这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配。
05
Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉
这种修辞法是以视、听、触、嗅、味等感觉直接描写事物。通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来,借联想引起感觉转移,“以感觉写感觉”。
1 用视觉形容听觉
The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their?lily like voice.
鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音。
2 用嗅觉形容听觉
Taste?the music of Mozart.
品尝Mozart的音乐。
06
Personification 拟人
拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物。
1 The night?gently?lays?her hand at our fevered heads.
温柔的夜,如纤手轻抚,我们的脑袋也灼热起来了.
2 I was very hy and could hear?the birds singing?in the woods.
我很高兴,能听见鸟儿在树林里歌唱。
07
Hyperbole 夸张
夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的。它可以加强语势,增加表达效果。
1 I beg a?thousand?pardons.
我千百次地祈求宽恕。
2 I love you. You are?the whole world?to me, and?the moon and the stars.
我爱你。 你对我而言如同全世界,如同夜空中的星月。
3 When she heard the bad news,?a river of?tears poured out.
当她听到这个噩耗时,泪水像河流一样倾泻而下。
08
Parallelism 排比,平行
这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语、句子排列成串,形成一个整体。
1 No one can?be perfectly free till all are free;?no one can?be perfectly moral till all are moral;?no one can?be perfectly hy till all are hy.
所有人都自由后才能完全自由;所有人都道德后才能完全道德;所有人都快乐后才能完全快乐。
2 In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon?you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them.?In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon?your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.
当所有这一切都要偿还的日子到来时,我要叫你们和你们的家属,直到你们这个邪恶家中的最后一个人,都要来偿还。当所有这一切都要偿还的日子到来时,我要叫你的弟弟,你们这些孬种中最烂的一个,单独来偿还这一切。
09
Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法?
婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话。?
1 He is out?visiting the necessary.?
他出去方便一下。
2 His relation with his wife has?not been fortunate.?
他与妻子关系不融洽。?
3 Deng Xiaoping?passed away?in 19.?
在19年去世了。?
10
Allegory 讽喻,比方(原意“寓言”)?
建立在借过去或别处的事例与对象之上,传达暗示,影射或者讥讽现世各种现象的含义。
1 Make the hay while the sun shines.
表层含义:趁着出太阳的时候晒草。
真正意味:趁热打铁。
2 It's time to turn plough into sword.
表层含义:是时候把犁变成剑。
真正意味:要开战了。
11
Irony 反语
反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式。如在指责过失、错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法。
1 It would be a?fine?thing indeed?not knowing?what time it was in the morning.
表层含义:早上没有时间观念还真是一件好事。
真实含义:应该明确早上的时间观念。
2 "Of course, you only carry?large notes, no small change on you. "the waiter said to the?beggar.
服务生对那个乞丐说:“当然了,你身上只有大钞,不会有零钱的。”
12
Pun 双关
双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥。作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的幽默、滑稽效果。它主要以相似的词形、词意和谐音的方式出现。
1 She is too?low?for a?high?praise, too?brown?for a?fair?praise and too?little?for a?great?praise.
她对高度的赞美过于卑歉,对公正的赞扬过于冷漠;对大度的赞颂过于渺小。?
2 An ambassador is an?honest?man who?lies?abroad for the good of his country.
大使是一个为了自己国家利益而被派遣到国外撒谎的诚实者。
3 If we don't?hang?together, we shall?hang?separately.
如果我们不团结,就去上吊吧。
13
Parody 仿拟
这是一种模仿名言、警句、谚语,改动其中部分词语,从而使其产生新意的修辞。
1 Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.
罗马不是一天建成的,也不是一年建成的。
2 A friend in need is?a friend to be oided.
一个有困难的朋友就是要回避的朋友。
14
Rhetorical question 修辞疑问(反问)
它以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈肯定。它的答案往往是不言而喻的。
1 How was it possible?to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?
怎么可能在林子里走了一小时而没有看到任何值得注意的东西呢?
2 Shall we?allow those untruths to go unanswered?
难道我们应该让谣言继续传播下去吗?
15
Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶
这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法。
1 Not that I loved Caeser?less?but that I loved Rome?more.
不是我不够爱凯撒,而是我更爱罗马。
2 You are?staying; I am?going.
你待着吧,我走了。
3 Give me?liberty, or give me?death.
要么给我自由,要么让我死。
16
Paradox 隽语
这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修辞法。
1 More?haste,?less?speed.
欲速则不达。
2 The child?is?the father?to the man.
三岁看大,四岁看老。
17
Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻
这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义。
1 No light,?but rather?darkness visible.
没有光,但是能看见黑暗。
2 The state of this house is?cheerless welcome.
这座房子无精打地迎接着客人。
18
Climax 渐进法,层进法
这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小、轻重、深浅、高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点。可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象。
1 I am?sorry,?I am?so sorry,?I am?so extremely sorry.
我感到抱歉,我感到非常抱歉,我感到非常极度抱歉。
2 Eye?had not seen nor?ear?heard, and nothing had touched his?heart?of stone.
眼睛没有看到,耳朵也没有听到,没有任何东西曾触动到他的铁石心肠。
19
Anticlimax 渐降法
与climax(渐进法,层进法)相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列。
1 On his breast?he wears his decorations,?at his side?a sword,?on his feet?a pair of boots.
他胸口别着勋章,腰间插着宝剑,脚上套着一双靴子。
2 The duties of a soldier are to?protect his country and peel potatoes.
士兵的职责就是保卫国家和削土豆皮。
20
Alliteration 头韵
指单词的首字母发音相同,即在一组词,一句话或一行诗中出现两个或两个以上的开头音相同的单词,因此而形成的独特韵律。
The?fair breeze blew,
the white?foam few;
The?furrow followed free,
We were the?frst?
that ever?burst?Into that silent sea.
和风吹荡,水花四溅,
船儿破浪前进,
闯入那沉寂的海洋领域,
我们是第一群人。
21
Analogy 类比
将两个本质上不同的事物就其共同点进行比较,是通过比喻手法的综合运用帮助说明道理或描述某种复杂情况。
1Appropriate praise to a child?is what?the sun is to a flower.?
恰当的赞扬对孩子的作用,就像阳光对于花朵的作用一样
2 Writing a book of poetry?is like?dropping a rose petal down the Grand Canyon and waiting for the echo.
写一本有关诗歌的书如同将一片玫瑰花瓣扔进大峡谷等待它的回音。
英语常用修辞法22种
英文修辞手法如下:
Simile明喻、Metaphor暗喻、Metonymy转喻、Synecdoche提喻、Synaesthesia通感、Personification拟人。
Hyperbole夸张、Parallelism平行、Euphemism婉辞法、Allegory比方、Irony反语、Pun双关、Parody仿拟、Rhetoricalquestion修辞疑问、Antithesis对偶、Paradox隽语、Oxymoron反意法、Climax渐进法,层进法、Anticlimax渐降法。
详细介绍:
1、比喻。
比喻句意思是打比方,用浅显、具体、生动的事物来代替抽象、难理解的事物。比喻句的基本结构分为三部分:本体(被比喻的事物)、喻词(表示比喻关系的词语)和喻体(打比方的事物)。
2、夸张。
夸张是为了表达强烈的思想感情,突出某种事物的本质特征,运用丰富的想象力,对事物的某些方面着意夸大或缩小,作艺术上的渲染。
英语修辞的消极修辞
常见英语修辞手法总共有22种,分别为明喻、转喻、提喻、隐喻、拟人、拟声、夸张、双关、讽刺、联觉、头韵、委婉、修辞反问、隽语、对照、渐进法、渐降法、引用、叠言、仿拟、排比、寓言。
一、明喻(Simile)
是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系,两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though,seem,similar to, such as等,
Eg:This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.
这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。
二、隐喻(Metaphor)
这种比喻不通过比喻词进行,而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写,甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
Eg:The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.
钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。
三、提喻(Synecdoche)
提喻大致归纳为四种情况:
a.部分和全体互代;b.以材料代替事物;c.抽象和具体互代;d.以个体代替整个类。
Eg:Outside,(there is) a sea of faces.外面街上,是人的海洋。(以人体的局部代全体,即以faces 表示people)
四、拟人(Personification)
这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上,使之人格化,以物拟人,以达到彼此交融,合二为一。拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.
Eg:
I was very hy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.(把鸟拟人化)
我很高兴,也能听到鸟儿在树林里唱歌。
五、夸张(Hyperbole)
这是运用丰富的想象,过激的言词,渲染和装饰客观事物,以达到强调的效果,也就是夸张化。
Eg:My blood froze.
我的血液都凝固了。
六、转喻 (Metonymy)
是指当甲事物同乙事物不相类似,但有密切关系时,可以利用这种关系,以乙事物的名称来取代甲事物,这样的一种修辞手段。转喻的重点不是在“相似”;而是在“联想”。转喻又称换喻,或借代。
Eg:The kettle boils.壶水开。------以容器代表内容
(用the kettle壶,表示 the water in the kettle 壶水)
七、双关语(Pun)
是以一个词或词组,用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来,以取得一种意想不到的幽默、滑稽效果。它主要以相似的词形、词意和谐音的方式出现。
Eg:Napoleon was astonished.”Either you are mad, or I am,”he declared. “Both,sir!”cried the Swede proudly.
拿破仑很惊讶。“要么你疯了,要么我疯了,”他说。“两个,先生!”瑞典人骄傲地叫道。
“Both”一词一语双关,既指拿破仑和这位士兵都是疯子,又指这位战士参加过拿破仑指挥的两次战役。
八、拟声(Onomatopoeia)
是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音,其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似,使语言显得生动,富有表现力。
Eg:On the root of the school house some pigeons were softly cooing.
在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。
九、反讽(Irony)
是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义,从而达到使本义更加幽默,更加讽刺的效果。
Eg:
It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
早上没有时间观念还真是一件好事啊(真实含义是应该明确早上的时间观念)
十、Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉
这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来,借联想引起感觉转移,“以感觉 写感觉”。 比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。
Eg:The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily-like voice.(用视觉形容听觉,鸟落在树上,由它发出的声音联想到 百合花)鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音。
十一、头韵法 Alliteration
在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组,其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音,以增强语言的节奏感。
十二、Euphemism 委婉,婉辞法
婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话。
Eg:He is out visiting the necessary? 他出去方便一下。
十三、Parody 仿拟
这是一种模仿名言.警句.谚语,改动其中部分词语,从而使其产生新意的修辞.
Eg:Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year. 罗马不是一天建成,也不是一年建成的。
十四、Rhetorical question 修辞疑问(反问)
它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的。
Eg:.Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?
十五、Paradox 隽语
这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修辞法。
Eg:More haste, less speed.欲速则不达
十六、Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶
这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法。
Eg:You are staying; I am going.
十七、Parallelism 排比, 平行
这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体。
Eg:No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly hy till all are hy.
十八、Allegory 讽喻,比方(原意“寓言”)
意为"换个方式的说法".它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事。
Eg:
1>.Make the hay while the sun shines.
表层含义:趁着出太阳的时候晒草
真正意味:趁热打铁
十九、Climax 渐进法,层进法
这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象。
二十、Anticlimax 渐降法
与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列.
Eg:On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.
二十一、叠言(Rhetorical repetition)
这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中,将相同的结构,相同意义词组成句子重叠使用,以增强语气和力量。
Eg:It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny.
它必须用我们这些对于未来,对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。
二十二、Quotation 引用
引用某处的句子或段落或某人讲的话,一般用双引号标出。
Eg:Franklin said,“If a man empties his purse into his head,no man can take it away from him,an investment in knowledge always pays the best interest.”
各种修辞手法的英文
(Lexical Stylistic Devices)
metaphor(比喻),metonymy(借代),personification(拟人),irony(反语),hyperbole(夸张),understatement(低调),euphemism(委婉语),contrast(对照),oxymoron(矛盾修辞法),transferred epithet(移就),pun(双关),syllepsis(异叙),zeugma(粘连),parody(仿拟),paradox(隽语),chiasmus(交叉) (Syntactical Stylistic Devices)
repetition(反复),catchword repetition(联珠),chiasmus(交叉),parallelism(平行结构),antithesis(反对),rhetoric question(设问),anticlimax(突降) (Phonetic Stylistic Devices)
alliteration(头韵),onomatopoeia(拟声)
帮忙翻译!
各种修辞手法的英文如下:
1) Simile:(明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements hing at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.
2) Metaphor:(暗喻)It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.?
For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store.
3) Analogy: (类比)It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that he several common qualities or points of resemblance.
4) Personification: (拟人)It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象).?
For example, the wind whistled through the trees.
5) Hyperbole: (夸张) It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.
6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述) It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.
7) Euphemism: (委婉)It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as” pass away".
8) Metonymy (转喻) It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 借代(metonymy)是指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
1、Several years later, word came that Napoleonyh himself was coming to inspect them...
几年以后,他们听说拿破仑要亲自来视察他们。
“word”在这里代替了“news, information”(消息、信息)
2、Al spoke with his eyes,“yes”.
艾尔用眼睛说,“是的”。
“说”应该是嘴的功能,这里实际上是用眼神表达了“说话的意思”。
Euphemism (Euphemism) from the Greek word eu prefix _well andpheme speaking. According to the "English: Euphemism explain the definition of" is a euphemism used beautiful sound or replace those whose terms more direct, offensive language, with words of goodwill to conceal the fact that the modification means. It is not only a social linguistic phenomenon, but also a cultural phenomenon. As society advances, the development of human civilization, Euphemism community as a whole has always been accompanied by a process of verbal communication, and fully demonstrated its communicative function. Euphemism in various fields he a wide range of lications, so euphemism our understanding of the role of communication for us to learn English well, effective cross-cultural communication is very useful.
1. Deny function
As for some people's fear of things or phenomena in language expression, not deeds, not words, but sometimes such meaning to the expression, so people would learn how to use the euphemism instead.
Every nation in the "death" that he their own euphemism. English-speaking countries and many people in the nation, said English taboo direct the "death" There are many manifestations.
2. Avoid vulgar function
Language is a tool for the exchange of ideas. People in the exchange, because, because, because, because of the inconvenience matter directly express their meaning, for instance, some of the body parts (such as genital mutilation), ual intercourse, urine, birth, and so on, if respect not讳expression, people often feel very uncomfortable, the speaker will feel that the other side is vulgar, not conservation. Therefore, the English he a lot on the expression of mild embarrassment to resolve this.
Apart from the tears, all the body excretion vocabulary are considered to be taboo language
"The terms of the alternative he a euphemism, such as:" knowledge "called (facts of life)," yellow film "(pornographic movies) called" adult films "(adult films)," illegal cohabitation " (free love) called "Shihun" (trial marriage), "illegitimate" (illegitimate child) is described as "child born of love" (love child) and the relationships between women and men is not legitimate, with a affair all get on the general. "
"With the continuous development of human society, although people no longer" talks of the colors ", but in some places formal communication, people with the (of) the words, in addition to using some of the medical terminology, usually make love () sleep together (Strange Bedfellow) such a euphemism to express he ual intercourse (). pregnant women (pregnant) and () is necessarily related, so people tend to use tactful way to express this concept
3. Courtesy function
Euphemism Another function is to oid the communication venture and indecent assault, when forced to be involved in the unpleasant things, should be the expression of choice euphemism to oid hurting each other's feelings. In the social, people Silixiangdai total stress, and try to oid words and deeds of indecent assault. Use euphemisms, the Speaker is not only courteous, but also for the care of the opponent's often tough to access each other's goodwill and recognition. Euphemism because of the name of the "moderate" (mildness) them with courtesy function.
4. Hide function
In the economic, political and war, the emergence of a diplomatic euphemism. Diplomatic personnel is such a rich source of euphemism. Since they often attempt to international tension reduce the grity of the situation to a minimum, thereby let their real motives or failure gives an ambiguous impression. Only experts can understand; between the two diplomats a useful and businesslike meeting (the meeting useful and in all seriousness) What is the problem not the solution to meet a serious and candid discussion (serious and frank discussions) is a matter of fact there is a big differences discussion.
5. Compliment function
Euphemism Another function is to play the role of praise, using both neutral or Baoyi substitute the words or phrases containing derogatory words or phrases color. Communication from the point of view of this euphemism is actually compliment functional speaker on the other side of a "flattering" (uplift). Psychologically, the community-those who engage in the work of the lower people, even if the population is to hear what the heads of their profession praised the "flattering" the other Euphemism also might not "needs a heart."
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