buttress_buttress图片

2024-08-28 08:50:23

1.button怎么读

2.求与家具有关的所有英语？

3.绿色建筑的设计理念包含哪几个方面啊？

4.长城英文导游词5篇精选

5.西方建筑中的肋骨拱和骨架券是什么样式？

buttress_buttress图片

　然而，是经常出现在我们的口语及书面表达中的一个词组，表示转折关系。那么你知道然而用英语如何表达吗，下面跟着我一起来学习一下有关然而的英语知识吧。

　然而的英语说法

　however

　but

　nevertheless

　whereas

　still

　然而的词语辨析

　whereas, nevertheless, but, however, still, while, yet这组词都有?但是，可是，然而，而?的意思，其区别是：

　whereas 表对比，一般可与while互换。

　nevertheless 指尽管作出完全让步，也不会发生任何影响。

　but 口语常用词，语气较强，泛指与前述情况相反。

　however 表转折关系，语气稍弱于but，连接性也弱一些，因而常作插入语。

　still 语气强，多用于肯定句或疑问句。指尽管作出让步，取措施或表示反对，但情况仍然如故，无所改变。

　while 表对比，一般可与whereas换用，但程度弱一些。

　yet 常用于否定句，语气比still稍强。指不管作出多大努力或让步，仍达不到预期的结果。

　然而的英语例句

　1. However, many customers found the smell of this product distinctly off-putting.

　然而，很多顾客觉得该产品有一股异味，非常难闻。

　2. His testimony, however, was only one in a salvo of new attacks.

　然而他的证词只是新一轮唇枪舌剑中的一股火力。

　3. Yet now he was here, in extremis, to seek an alliance.

　然而现在他就在这里，在绝境中寻求联盟。

　4. However, the rationale for such in-itiatives is not, of course, solely economic.

　然而，这种提议的根据当然并不仅仅是经济方面的。

　5. The psychologists insist, however, that they are not being prescriptive.

　然而，心理学家坚称他们并非一味灌输。

　6. Crucially, though, it failed to secure the backing of the banks.

　然而重要的是，它没能获得银行的支持。

　7. There are factors, however, that he cast dou on the statue's authenticity.

　然而，有些因素让人对该雕塑的真伪产生了怀疑。

　8. He was vague, however, about just what U.S. forces might actually do.

　然而，他对美军实际可能取的行动却闪烁其词。

　9. It is, however, necessary on occasion to work outwith these hours.

　然而，有时候在这些时点之外也需要工作。

　10. However, the evidence is thin and, to some extent, ambiguous.

　然而，这个证据难以令人信服，而且有点模棱两可。

　11. Mark, however, needs to trel extensively with his varied business interests.

　然而，马克因为各种生意需要频繁出差。

　12. In one respect, however, the men really were strikingly similar.

　然而，一方面，那些男人真的非常相似。

　13. The president's tough line is, however, buttressed by a democratic mandate.

　然而，总统推行的强硬路线受到了民主党发布的训令的支持。

　14. Not all scholars are in agreement with her, however.

　然而，不是所有的学者都与她意见一致。

　15. However, the scheme is certain to meet opposition from fishermen's leaders.

　然而，这项一定会遭到渔民领袖的反对。

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button怎么读

塞纳河里有两个小洲，小到不容易觉出。西头的叫城洲，洲上两所教堂是巴黎的名迹。洲东的圣母堂更为煊赫。堂成于十二世纪，中间经过许多变迁，到十九世纪中叶重修，才有现在的样子。这是“装饰的戈昔式”建筑的最好的代表。正面朝西，分三层。下层三座尖拱门。这种门很深，门圈儿是一棱套着一棱的，越望里越小；棱间与门上雕着许多大像小像，都是《圣经》中的人物。中层是窗子，两边的尖拱形，分雕着亚当夏娃像；中央的浑圆形，雕着“圣处女”像。上层是栏干。最上两座钟楼，各高二百二十七英尺；两楼间露出后面尖塔的尖儿，一个伶俐瘦劲的身影。这座塔是勒丢克（Viellet ie Duc，十九世纪）所造，比钟楼还高五十八英尺；但从正面看，像一般高似的，这正是建筑师的妙用。朝南还有一个旁门，雕饰也繁密得很。从背后看，左右两排支墙（Buttress）像一对对的翅膀，作飞起的势子。支墙上虽也有些装饰，却不为装饰而有。原来戈昔式的房子高，窗子大，墙的力量支不住那些石头的拱顶，因此非从墙外想法不可。支墙便是这样来的。这是戈昔式的致命伤；许多戈昔式建筑容易圮毁，正是为此。堂里满是彩绘的高玻璃窗子，阴森森的，只看见石柱子，尖拱门，肋骨似的屋顶。中间神堂，两边四排廊路，周围三十七间龛堂，像另自成个世界。堂中的讲坛与管风琴都是名手所作。歌队座与牧师座上的动植物木刻，也以精工著。戈昔式教堂里雕绘最繁；其中取材于教堂所在地的花果的尤多。所雕绘的大抵以近真为主。这种一半为装饰，一半也为教导，让那些不识字的人多知道些事物，作用和百科全书差不多。堂中有宝库，收藏历来珍贵的东西，如金龛，金十字架之类，灿烂耀眼。拿破仑于一八零四年在这儿加冕，那时穿的长袍也陈列在这个库里。北钟楼许人上去，可以看见墙角上石刻的妖兽，奇丑怕人，俯视着下方，据说是吐溜水的。雨果写过《巴黎圣母堂》一部，所叙是四百年前的情形，有些还和现在一样。

记得纳啊

求与家具有关的所有英语？

button的读音是：英['b?tn]。

button的读音是：英['b?tn]。button的意思是n.纽扣；按钮；v.扣上纽扣；用纽扣装饰。button形容词:buttony；名词:buttoner；过去式:buttoned；过去分词:buttoned；现在分词:buttoning；第三人称单数:buttons。

一、详尽释义点此查看button的详细内容

n.(名词)扣状物按钮（开关），扣子圆形小徽章，徽章无价值的小东西服务员少量，一点点芽，花蕾皮圆顶苞揿扣电钮v.(动词)扣上，扣住，扣紧在…上装纽扣，钉钮扣于，扣…的钮扣，用钮扣扣上紧闭（嘴），住口装有纽扣，扣上纽扣，有纽扣用钮扣装饰穿上，穿好系住二、双解释义

n.(名词)[C]纽扣 a small round thing on clothes[C]按钮 a small thing on a machine, that you push[C]没有价值的小东西 sth worthlessv.(动词)vt. & vi. 扣住,系住 fasten sth with buttons三、英英释义

Noun:a round fastener sewn to shirts and coats etc to fit through buttonholes

an electrical switch operated by pressing;"the elevator was operated by push buttons"

"the push beside the bed operated a buzzer at the desk"

any of various plant parts that resemble buttons

a round flat badge displaying information and suitable for pinning onto a garment;"they passed out campaign buttons for their candidate"

a female ual organ homologous to the penis

a device that when pressed will release part of a mechanism

any artifact that resembles a button

Verb:provide with buttons;"button a shirt"

fasten with buttons;"button the dress"

四、例句

One of the buttons has come off my coat.

我上衣上的一颗扣子掉了。

You may stop the machine by pushing this button.

按下这个按钮你就可以关掉这个机器。

It's very warm, he didn't even button his coat.

天气很暖和,他甚至都没扣他外衣的钮扣。

五、常用短语

用作名词(n.)on the button准确地 exactly

用作动词(v.)button down (v.+adv.)〈美俚〉弄清,说明 clear sth up

button up (v.+adv.)〈美俚〉(使某人)闭口不说 (cause sb to) be silent

button sth ? upShe buttoned up her blouse.

她将她的连衣裙扣好。

Within a short time, everything on the submarine was buttoned up.

不一会儿,潜艇内所有的东西都扣紧了。

button sth ? upThey buttoned up the job within a short time.

他们在短时间内就完成了那项工作。

button up one's purseThat would make her button up her purse even tighter.

那会使她更加节省。

button (up) one's/sb's lipsHe buttoned his lips.

他一言不发。

Could you do something to button her lip?She's such a gossip.

你能叫她不吭声吗?她就爱说闲话。

六、经典引文

His privilege was to wear the top two buttons of his jacket undone.

出自：F. RaphaelI buttoned myself into my coat.

出自：R. L. Stevenson七、词语用法

n.(名词)button用作名词的基本意思是“纽扣”。引申可表示“按钮”,还可指“没有价值的小东西”。有时还可用来表示“徽章”“纪念章”之类的事物。在计算机术语中, button可指鼠标上的按钮,也可指对话框中的一种图形元素。button是可数名词。与介词on连用可表示“在下巴尖上”,引申可指“准确地”。v.(动词)button用作动词的意思是“扣住,系住”。用作及物动词时,接名词或代词作宾语; 偶尔也可用作不及物动词,这时主动形式常含有被动意义。button常与down, up等副词连用。button的相关临近词

buttress、buttocks、buttons、buttony、buttonon、buttonly、buttoner、buttoned、button up、buttoning、buttondown、buttonhold

点此查看更多关于button的详细信息

绿色建筑的设计理念包含哪几个方面啊？

我只知道这些东西，如有需要的话，请进来看一下 :://blog.sina.cn/s/reader_49fdebe501000azi.html

MDF/FB(medium density fiberboard) 中纤板

plywood 夹板(三合板)

softwood 软木

poplar 白杨

chinese oak 柞木

alder 赤杨

maple 枫木

rubber wood 橡胶木

pine 松木

pecan 大胡桃木(皮康木)

sandalwood 白檀木.檀香木

beech 三毛榉

ebony 黑檀木(乌木)

linden 菩提树(椴木)

elm tree 榆木

peach 桃树

eaglewood 沉香木

air spray gun 喷枪

finish department 涂装部

roller coating 滚筒涂装法

finish sanding line 面漆砂光线

spray stain 喷底色

padding 修色

base coat 底漆

1st lacquer 一次面漆

red copper powder 红口铜粉

rust preventive paint 防锈漆

glaze 釉

alcohol 酒精

water powder 水性碳

putty 原子灰

steel wool 钢丝棉

sand paper 砂纸

writing brush 毛笔

drawknife 刮刀

bubble 气泡

fisheye 鱼眼

orange peel 桔皮

blushing 白化

yellowing 黄变

coat 涂层

sample board 样板

oil stain 油色

sags 下垂

cracking 龟裂

sealing poor adhesion peeling flaking 剥落

color darker 色深

bumping 碰伤

scratches 刮伤

finger print 指印

corrosion 腐蚀

waxed 打蜡

bare spots 斑点

finished interior 油漆过的内部

accumulation of dust.dirt.stains & smudges under the finish 油漆下灰尘.垃圾.颜料.污点.堆积

distressing 破坏处理

specking /spatter 喷点

bear-tracking 敲边

shading 修色

crushing 压扁

rust removing 除锈

pores filling 填孔

dyeing 染色

color matching 调整色差

curing 涂层干燥

sloppy sanding 湿砂磨

remedying 整修

tamponing 揩涂

curtaining 淋涂

knif-coating or doctor-coating 刮涂

sinking 穿心眼

stain bleeding 渗花

discoloration 变色

brushing-mark 刷痕

发白.油白.汽白

wrinkling 皱皮.皱纹

lifting 咬底

hib 粒子.油疙瘩.数粒

pitting 缩孔.发点.麻点

pinbioling 针孔

sadning through the finish 磨白

greasy gloss 油白

loss of gloss 失光

scaling 层间剥离

gloss 光泽

diluent 稀释剂

tool marks 工具痕

slag build-up 焊渣块

sand scratches 砂纸伤痕

drit gritiness seed 粒状涂膜

paint chipped out 油漆缺口

dirt in topcoat 面漆灰尘

uneven gloss 光泽不均

poor wipping 擦拭不良

blemish surface 表面污渍

the gel of marred 面板涂膜

dirt & trash 灰尘垃圾

overspray 喷涂过量

poor highlighting 明暗不良

even & smooth to touch 手感平滑

rub marks 磨损痕迹

polishing 抛光打蜡

finish blemish or smudges 油漆污点

burn-in repairs 氧化修补

wrinkling 油漆皱纹

runs 垂流(挂流)

bulges 凸起.膨胀

glaze pattern skips 格丽斯遗漏

color mismatched 颜色不搭配

glue mark at joint 接合处胶印

roughly sanded exterior 表面砂光粗糙

open grain or hungry look 油漆裂纹及枯瘦

blemish on interior or bottom surface 底部油漆未擦干净

embedded sawdust 油漆夹层木屑(锯灰)

clear paint 透明涂料

simulated grair or wood grain printing 模拟木纹

air drying or curing 自然干燥

uv-curing 紫外固化

hard dry 实际干燥

flwability 流平性

muddy stain 颜色混浊

uniform color 颜色均匀

viscosity 粘度

skim 桔皮

raised grain removing 除木毛

smcars removing 除污渍

pitch pocket or gum pocket 树脂襄

cardboard 纸板

carton 纸箱

misprints 版书错误

cube feet 材积

bar codes 条码

foam 泡沫

wood skids 栈板

side pad 边垫

tape 胶带

hardware packs 五金包

outer pack 外包装

country of origin 原产地

pearl wool 珍珠棉

clear sticker sealing tape 打箱胶

bubble pack 气泡袋

unit pads 组合套角

nylon strap 尼龙带子

customer's tag 客户标签

box print 纸箱印刷

description 产品名称

right angle foam 直角泡沫

polyester plastic 保利塑料

crocket 纸箱图样

EPS block 保丽龙块

crown molding pad 顶饰保护块

corner /edge pad 角.边套角

support eps block 支撑保丽龙块

metal component rough rusting 五金粗糙.生锈.碰伤

painted hardware 上色五金

caster 轮子

polarized plugs 电极插头

retain button 玻璃钮扣

corrugated fasteners 浪形钉

self-drilling screw 自玫螺丝

brads 无头钉

backplate (拉手)后金属板

drilled or pierced holes for attaching hardware or fasteners 五金或扣件孔(钻孔或穿孔)

hinge 活页

scerw 螺丝

screw point 木螺丝尖

butt hinge 蝶形活页(连接)

special screw 特殊螺丝

metal-to-wood guide system 金属与木组成的滑轨系统

wood side-guide 侧滑轨

prop 支柱.支撑物

buttress 支撑物.扶壁

center support 床中板支撑

glass inserts 嵌玻

cane 藤部份

wattage label 功力标签

filling materials 填充物

pitch pockets 不平凹洞

cross band 横纹板

back 背面

glass top.shelves.inserts 玻璃面板.层板.嵌板

float glass 浮动玻璃

glass door inserts 门玻

simulated slate.marble.stone 仿古板.大理石

nail or staple & glue 钉与胶

mortise & tenon joints 公母榫结合

parting 部件

corner blocks 三角木

clcats 加强条

leg blocks 脚加强块

dowels ends 木榫两端头

octagon 八角形.八边形

overlays 镶边

driven flush 直进

non-decorative fasteners 无装饰钉

countersunk & filled 隐埋填充

beveled edge 斜边

nog 木钉

end grain 端头木纹

center back support 后中支撑

cut-out 通气孔

panel span 柜子宽内径(两侧板之距离)

felt(pad)on the bottom panel span 毛护垫

radius 半径

rhombus /lozenge 菱形.斜方形

side view 侧视

base molding 底饰条

return moldings 侧饰

insert panel 嵌板

manufactured article /goods /product 制成品

border 镶边

rorted or embossed line 雕刻沟槽线

dock cabinet 有蹄子柜子

cases using panel on frame 柜子框板

solid wood door 实木门

raised-panel door 高实木门板

light barrier strip 门挡片

clearance 间隙

chair parts 椅子部件

spindle 背枳

arrow back 箭背

back post /leg (rear leg) 后脚

front rail 前框

seat cushion /shelf 座框

arm post 扶手枳

halves & lees 面板及中板

base (pedestal) 下座

TV armoire parts 电视柜部件

rack 挂衣杆

door 门

end panel 侧板

drop lid support 连杆

laminated kraft 牛皮纸

hot melt glue 热融胶

top edgs & end of dawers 抽前板上边及两端

tray interior 抽屉隔底匣

english dovettirl (more than one dowel) 英式燕尾

fitted drawer 合适的抽屉

lipped drawer 镶边的抽屉

all drawer guide system 所有抽屉滑轨系统

stool leg 吧椅脚

ladder 椅背板条

back-corner block 后三角块

rocker runner 摇椅摇杆

arm stump 扶手支柱

spline 止转楔

frame back 靠背框

air vent hole 空气孔

strip nail trim tables 细图钉状装饰

adjoining aprons 相邻立水

pedestal table top (脚筒)桌面

chair guard molding 桌镶边

MDF/FB(medium density fiberboard) 中纤板

PB(particleboard) 塑合板(粒片板)

plywood 夹板(三合板)

hardwood 硬木(杂木)

softwood 软木

basswood/linden 椴木

poplar 白杨

桦木

chinese oak 柞木

ash 水曲柳

alder 赤杨

abele 银白杨

maple 枫木

oak 橡木

rubber wood 橡胶木

cherry 樱桃木

pine 松木

pear 梨树

pecan 大胡桃木(皮康木)

walnut 核桃木(胡桃木)

sandalwood 白檀木.檀香木

mahogany 桃花芯木(红木)

beech 三毛榉

peafowl wood 孔雀木

ebony 黑檀木(乌木)

chestnut 栗木

linden 菩提树(椴木)

hickory 山核桃木

elm tree 榆木

fir 枞树(冷杉木)

peach 桃树

camphyor tree 樟木

eaglewood 沉香木

interfere 妨碍

high carbon wire 高含量碳精金属线

modulus of rupture 抗裂系数

proper balance 适当平衡

polyester 聚脂.多元脂

polystyrene 聚本.烯

fiber 纤维

coil spring units 螺旋弹簧

extension wires 伸展线

coil links 线夹子

clinch 螺旋固定器

tie wire 绳索带

spring distortion 弹簧歪斜

coil spring edging 螺旋弹簧边饰

burlap 粗麻布

sinuous wire spring unit 迂回线弹簧

withdrawal 收回.撤退

maximize 扩大到最大极限

maximum 最大值

pull-out 拉出

back springs 背弹簧

sinuous wire clips 回形金属夹

tie wires 联结线

puncture 刺伤

tie wire bent flat 联结线水平弯曲

frame uprights 框架垂直

modulus of elasticity 弹力系数

resiliency 弹性

isolate/insulate 绝缘

polymer 聚合物

vinyl 烯基

polyester fiber 多元纤维

suspension bars 支撑杆

wire clip 边线

coil stabilizer 螺旋链环

tie strap 敲弯.钉牢

spring noise 索柱线

spring clip 弹簧夹

edging /fringe /trimming 缘饰边饰

folded double & stapled 折成双层用钉钉住

insulated clip 隔离夹

spring crimp 弹簧卷钩

minimize 减少到最少

minimum 最小

tight clips 固定夹

seat springs 座弹簧

uniform look 整体外观

spring rails 弹簧杆

strip weg 细边带

长城英文导游词5篇精选

绿色建筑的设计理念包含哪几个方面啊？

绿色建筑设计理念包括以下几个方面：

节能能源：充分利用太阳能，用节能的建筑围护结构以及暖和空调，减少暖和空调的使用。根据自然通风的原理设置风冷系统，使建筑能够有效地利用夏季的主导风向。建筑用适应当地气候条件的平面形式及总体布局。

节约：在建筑设计、建造和建筑材料的选择中，均考虑的合理使用和处置。要减少的使用，力求使可再生利用。节约水，包括绿化的节约用水。

回归自然：绿色建筑外部要强调与周边环境相融合，和谐一致、动静互补，做到保护自然生态环境。

舒适和健康的生活环境：建筑内部不使用对人体有害的建筑材料和装修材料。室内空气清新，温、湿度适当，使居住者感觉良好，身心健康。

绿色建筑的建造特点包括：对建筑的地理条件有明确的要求，土壤中不存在有毒、有害物质，地温适宜，地下水纯净，地磁适中。

绿色建筑应尽量用天然材料。建筑中用的木材、树皮、竹材、石块、石灰、油漆等，要经过检验处理，确保对人体无害。

绿色建筑还要根据地理条件，设置太阳能暖、热水、发电及风力发电装置，以充分利用环境提供的天然可再生能源。

随着全球气候的变暖，世界各国对建筑节能的关注程度正日益增加。人们越来越认识到，建筑使用能源所产生的CO2是造成气候变暖的主要来源。节能建筑成为建筑发展的必然趋势，绿色建筑也应运而生。

绿色建筑设计理念有哪几个方面，绿色建筑

1.充分利用太阳能，用节能的建筑围护结构以及暖和空调，减少暖和空调的使用。根据自然通风的原理设置风冷系统，使建筑能够有效地利用夏季的主导风向。建筑用适应当地气候条件的平面形式及总体布局。

2.建筑设计、建造和建筑材料的选择中，均考虑的合理使用和处置。要减少的使用，力求使可再生利用。节约水，包括绿化的节约用水。

绿色建筑设计理念有哪几个方面

充分利用太阳能，用节能的建筑围护结构以及暖和空调，减少暖和空调的使用。

根据自然通风的原理设置风冷系统，使建筑能够有效地利用夏季的主导风向。

建筑用适应当地气候条件的平面形式及总体布局。

绿色建筑外部要强调与周边环境相融合，和谐一致、动静互补，做到保护自然生态环境。

舒适和健康的生活环境：

建筑内部不使用对人体有害的建筑材料和装修材料。室内空气清新，温、湿度适当，使居住者感觉良好，身心健康。

绿色建筑的建造特点包括：

对建筑的地理条件有明确的要求，

土壤中不存在有毒、有害物质，地温适宜，地下水纯净，地磁适中。

——摘自百度

怎样理解绿色建筑设计理念

绿色建筑从设计到施工，主要遵循的中心理念就是节水、节地、节能、节材、环保

迪拜建筑的设计理念是什么？

结构与设计

近距离拍摄迪拜塔（2008年3月）迪拜塔由SOM所设计，此公司出名在于它的超高楼如芝加哥的西尔斯大楼与纽约市的自由塔。

迪拜塔的设计为伊斯兰教建筑风格，楼面为“Y”字形，并由三个建筑部份逐渐连贯成一核心体，从沙漠上升，以上螺旋的模式，减少大楼的剖面使它更如直往天际，至顶上，中央核心逐转化成尖塔，Y字形的楼面也使的迪拜塔有较大的视野享受。

内部设计由乔治·阿玛尼设计，一个阿玛尼饭店将坐落于37楼以下的楼层，45至108楼将会有高达700间房间（据开发商表示，这些公寓房间在开卖后的8小时内即销售一空），一座户外零入口的游泳池将坐落于78楼，106楼以上的楼层将为办公室与会议室，124楼预计会设计观景台（约442米），而顶部的尖塔天线将包含通讯功能。

迪拜塔也将包含未来的世界最快电梯，速度达17.5米/秒（1050米/分，63.0公里/39.1英里小时）[12]，目前世界最快的电梯在台湾的台北101，达16.8米/秒（1010米/分，60.6公里/37.7英里小时）。

目的

迪拜塔被设计为包含30,000户与9间饭店的一个大比例、复合开发的中心，此案包含如迪拜购物中心、迪拜塔湖上饭店与服务公寓、19栋住宅大楼、2.5公顷（6.2英亩）的公园与一个12公顷大的迪拜塔湖泊，此完整200公顷（500英亩）的开发案花费高达200亿美元，但只要案完成，将有多达200公顷的使用空间。

此搭上超透光玻璃的混凝土建筑将使中东重新成为世界最高建筑的所在地，往昔的最高建筑—埃及的吉萨大金字塔即在1311年被英国的林肯大教堂（Lincoln Cathedral）所取代。

此建造迪拜塔与其他摩天大楼的决策者为 *** ，作为贸易经济（国内依赖石油贸易）中之外的服务、观光使用，迪拜目前有226万的人口，大部分的土地仍为沙漠（覆盖了超过90%的土地）[13]或稀少的人口分布，打造如世界第一高楼这样的是使迪拜及国家提升国际知名度的重要方式之一，另据一名纳克希尔地产的VIP观光客Jacqui Josephson表示：“穆罕默德·本·拉希德·阿勒马克图姆（阿拉伯联合酋长国副总统兼总理及迪拜新任酋长）想要用轰动的要素使迪上地图”

建筑设计理念从几方面考虑？

安全，经济，适用，美观，环保

哥特式建筑的设计理念是什么?

法国斯特拉斯堡大教堂的玫瑰窗哥特式建筑的特点是尖塔高耸、尖形拱门、大窗户及绘有圣经故事的花窗玻璃。在设计中利用尖肋拱顶、飞扶壁、修长的束柱，营造出轻盈修长的飞天感。以及新的框架结构以增加支撑顶部的力量，使整个建筑以直升线条、雄伟的外观和教堂内空阔空间，再结合镶着彩色玻璃的长窗，使教堂内产生一种浓厚的宗教气氛。教堂的平面仍基本为拉丁十字形，但其西端门的两侧增加一对高塔。

尖肋拱顶从罗曼式建筑的圆筒拱顶普遍改为尖肋拱顶（Pointed Arch，或者干脆称为Gothic Arch），推力作用于四个拱底石上，这样拱顶的高度和跨度不再受限制，可以建得又大又高。并且尖肋拱顶也具有“向上”的视觉暗示。

飞扶壁（Flying Buttress）

扶壁（Buttress），也称扶拱垛，是一种用来分担主墙压力的设施，在罗曼式建筑中即已得到大量运用。

但哥特式建筑把原本实心的、被屋顶遮盖起来的扶壁，都露在外面，称为飞扶壁。由于对教堂的高度有了进一步的要求，扶壁的作用和外观也被大大增强了。亚眠大教堂的扶拱垛有两道拱壁，以支撑来自推力点上方和下方的推力。沙特尔大教堂用横向小连拱廊增加其抗力，博韦大教堂则双进拱桥增加扶拱垛的承受力。有的在扶拱垛上又加装了尖塔改善平衡。扶拱垛上往往有繁复的装饰雕刻，轻盈美观，高耸峭拔。

花窗玻璃哥特式建筑逐渐取消了台廊、楼廊，增加侧廊窗户的面积，直至整个教堂用大面积排窗。这些窗户既高且大，几乎承担了墙体的功能。

并应用了从阿拉伯国家学得的彩色玻璃工艺，拼组成一幅幅五颜六色的宗教故事，起到了向不识字的民众宣传教义的作用，也具有很高的艺术成就。花窗玻璃以红、蓝二色为主，蓝色象征天国，红色象征基督的鲜血。

窗棂的构造工艺十分精巧繁复。细长的窗户被称为“柳叶窗”，圆形的则被称为“玫瑰窗”。

花窗玻璃造就了教堂内部神秘灿烂的景象，从而改变了罗曼式建筑因光不足而沉闷压抑的景象，并表达了人们向往天国的内心理想。

法国亚眠大教堂双层飞扶壁十字平面

这也是继承自罗曼式建筑，但扩大了祭坛的面积。门层层往内推进，并有大量浮雕，对于即将走入大门的人，仿佛有着很强烈的吸引力。

束柱(beam-column)

柱子不再是简单的圆形，多根柱子合在一起，强调了垂直的线条，更加衬托了空间的高耸峻峭。哥特式教堂的内部空间高旷、单纯、统一。装饰细部如华盖、壁龛等也都用尖券作主题，建筑风格与结构手法形成一个有机的整体。整个建筑看上去线条简洁、外观宏伟，而内部又十分开阔明亮。

哥特式建筑技术高超精致，又带有艺术性，在建筑史上占有十分重要的地位。

桔洲印象建筑的设计理念是什么？

小区整体以橘子洲头为标杆，规划建设桔洲园林概念宜居小区

建筑外立面用“欧陆新古典主义风格”

3dmax中别墅建筑的设计理念怎么写

随着社会发展，物质文明和精神文明不断的提高。拥有别墅的业主也时常在考虑，我的别墅空间要满足实用功能空间那是一件非常容易的事情。任何一个设计师都做的到。但要满足功能空间的同时又要满足业主的心理空间那恐怕要费些周折和代价。

那么什么是别墅设计的心理空间？

我个人理解所谓心理空间就是人在这个居住空间所产生的意识和思想，精神和文化。你有多高的空间境界，你就有多高的空间意识。满足空间一般的使用功能，那怕制作一起设计亮点取悦眼球的舒适，以及满足心理的豪华奢侈那是一件很容易的事，但作为设计空间，既要满足基本空间的需求，又要满足主人的心理空间和精神层面的需求，同时也需要设计师溶入业主的思想意识，找到双方最佳境界意识那根设计轨道却不是件易事。心理空间是实用功能空间设计第二空间。如果第一空间划分需要的设计师的过硬的硬指标的话，那么对第二空间的划分需要却是设计过硬的软指标。如果说硬指标是数据，那么软指标就是灵魂，如果把空间设计比喻一个人的身躯，那么心理空间设计那肯定是这个身躯的灵魂。因此，是否可以这样说，再豪华的设计，再漂亮的设计它只不过是空间表面上的堆积物，要体现一个人的思想意识，精神文化，个性特色的空间就要看设计师设计以外的功底了。每一套别墅都是一部历史，一本书，一个故事。你不仅要读懂，领会，还要抓住其精髓，抓住最能感动你东西，如果连设计师自己都不能感动，要感动别人那是空话……

别墅设计的个性空间

当今的时代是一个信息爆炸的时代，也是一个充满丰富多彩的物质欲望的年代。说到底是一个充满个性色彩的年代。别墅空间设计同样也有这样的问题。大家都晓得别墅是住宅文化分级的极品，当然这样说略有夸张。但从别墅空间的性质因为有山有水，有充裕的庭院空间，有独立的自然环境等彼此伴随的独立因素比起其他房型必然会产生更多的个性特征。因此我认为每一套独立别墅从诞生那天起开发商都赋予了它很多故事和内涵。再加上业主的主人背景溶入以及业主思想意识的空间渗透房子原先的文化定义和业主的选择定位，更加突出了空间发展的个性化趋势。

个性空间表述 5个特征

一是别墅空间独特的建筑原形态。

二是主人思想境界的表述。

三是主人的文化层次的体现。

四是主人性格爱好的体现。

五是设计师自身的资历和整体把握。

这就是典型的2+3个性表达模式。（尊重别墅原建筑形态，尊重设计师之眼光，尊重业主表述个性化，人性化的三个特征。）尽管在设计语言上的个性色彩使然不尽相同，尽管在空间符号的个性手法各显其力，尽管在体现业主精神面貌的个性角度上各有手法，尽管在整体设计个性语言上都有独特的理念，但条条道路通罗马，也就是说任何一个个性化空间，遵从以上2+3的表述总章法和表述的总源头，当然至于流行市面各类设计风格和表现形式，我认为都是一种被人们认可独特的设计表述语言。也可能是一种比较成熟的语言，就像人们认同的流行歌手演唱风格。当然风格和个性既有共性的东西又是个性的使然。风格与风格之间，个性与个性之间，相似与相类之间那肯定是不尽相同的。比如说人的性格有直爽的像竹桶到豆子的表述，也有坦然而有逻辑性的表述，同时也有坦率而深层处世不惊的稳重表述。同样是直来直去的个性语言，但仔细观察，每种表述的个性色彩却是微妙的。其实个性空间设计的语言也一样，设计师能否发现抓住或者提炼概括个性语言才是最重要的。

别墅设计的自然空间

别墅由于自身独特的地理位置和环境导致别墅的自然空间要优于任何住宅。因此研究别墅自然环境和自然空间是目前别墅设计上的空白点。随着最佳别墅标准反复讨论和论证以及市场对别墅最后论证的出台，别墅的自然环境属性放在衡量别墅价值的首位。同样在别墅设计理念的梳理上，其学术价值也日显高涨。别墅的自然环境，别墅的自然阳光，空气和空间一时间显得特别珍贵，这些稀缺，面对像上海大都市这样充满钢筋混凝土森林，充满城市噪音，空气污染严重的今天。如果还未意识到自然环境和环保对人类健康的重要性，如果还未让所有设计师意识到别墅的自然环境和自然空间设计的紧迫性和重要性。那么我认为这是一个历史的倒退，知识的倒退，也是设计师的悲哀。我之所以提出这样的呼吁，是因为发现我们现在许多设计师仍然是重装饰，轻装修。作为自然环境承载的别墅的建筑，“天然去雕饰”的名言至理显然是令人回味。天然的植被，天然的绿化，天然的阳光，天然的新鲜空气。作为一个设计师，我们还有什么理由不把此作为最亮的东西去设计去表现。引进新鲜的空气和阳光，引进自然环境的最大策划设计是别墅设计首选语言。任何装饰手段，包括室内配置，也包括硬装修所使用的主材，都必须让位或考虑天然的空间回归人类心理的自然要求。在此我认为那怕在使用环保材料上，在自然空间两次设计上都必须尊重自然环保的大自然概念，体现原自然生态，原自然空间对人类健康形成良性循环的历史认证。无论是多豪华奢侈的装饰在大自然业已存在的自然空间理念比对之下，是显的多么苍白无力。在此我想说别墅设计新概念上多一些自然语言，多一些自然表述语言是人类的一大进步。

别墅的舒适空间

住别墅，如果硬要往里堆砌豪华的建材，搞的像总统套房，那毕竟是一种星级酒店的商用标准，这样花巨资不说，但不一定能让人的心理感到舒服和适合。家和酒店毕竟是有区别的，家的概念，第一必须体现温馨，随便那个房间，甚至哪个角落都可以坐下来倍感轻松和休闲，不存在任何的心理负荷，也不存在任何的心理障碍，既然别墅也是家，住的舒服，适合自己和家人居住是第一位的。

那么我在锁定别墅设计舒适的空间概念外我还要推出舒适空间的6个特征。

一是锁定功能空间要实用。

二是锁定心理空间要实际。

三是锁定休闲空间要宽松自然。

四是锁定自然空间要陶冶精神，放松心情。

五是锁定生活空间要以人为本。

六是锁定私密空间满足人性最大程度的空间释放。

以上6个锁定不仅要满足人的生活要求，更重要的是满足人的精神需求和心理需求。按照佛教观点人在红尘中驻足难免有看破红尘的世俗眼光，你一旦进入佛门的空间足够让你耳根清静，放下包袱立地成佛。当然这个比喻也许太夸张，但有一点可以肯定，舒适的空间确实能让人内心平静下来。舒适的空间也能抚慰人的精神，舒适的空间就像港湾，它能使经受风浪折断的帆船进港休整，充电，充分调整自己。以便第二天精神饱满的驶入更宽阔的海域，乘风破浪，直抵彼岸目的地

西方建筑中的肋骨拱和骨架券是什么样式？

　我国的万里长城，是全世界闻名的伟大工程之一。是我国古代伟大的军事防御工程,被视为中华民族的精神象征。你有去那壮丽雄伟的长城吗?下面是我为大家带来的长城中英文导游词，希望可以帮助大家。

　 长城英文导游词1

　Everybody is good!

　Today, I am a tour guide YanZiRu trip to the Great Wall by me to service for you, don't hesitate to ask he any requirements and problems on the road.

　This is today we want to climb the Great Wall. It is like a dragon, winding between mountains. It has a long history, was built during the warring states period, enormous project, east of shanhaiguan, west to jiayuguan, the total length of more than thir thousand. Is the history of the great wonders of the world.

　Ok, now we began to climb the Great Wall. The Great Wall is made of stone and square brick. Each piece of stone has two or three one thousand catties, because there were no trains, cars, no crane, only by thousands of working people's shoulders and hands carried on step by step the steep mountain peaks; By thousands of lives and sweat to build. You see, on our feet square brick, every piece of square brick, so smooth, on the top of the wall like a broad road, WuLiuPi mark in parallel.

　Do you know why the Great Wall can resist the enemy's invasion? Because it is not only strong, broad, more important is: it has scanned, nozzle and the beacon tower. Scanned and square nozzle on the wall outside more than two meters high on the rows of buttress, it is to observe the situation of the enemy, the second is to enemy fire. Every 300 meters, there is a square ChengTai, called beacon tower, one is used for station troops fortress, 2 it is with fire.

　Ok, my dear visitors, here about the introduction of the Great Wall is, as the saying goes: "is not a true man unless he comes to the Great Wall". Please adhere to climb on the Great Wall is the most high-end, don't draw pictures on the stone carving, speak civilization health. I wish you a hy hy play.

　 长城英文导游词2

　Everybody is good! My name is zhang, you can call me a guide. Today I bring you to visit verve magnificent Great Wall.

　MAO once said: "not a true man unless he comes to the Great Wall". Why don't we go on a tour today? Good! We can eat when men now! On the former see head, after the end of the Great Wall.

　About the Great Wall, there is a moving story, legend meng jiangnu's husband was caught to build the Great Wall, the meng jiangnu then struggling to find her husband, however, meng jiangnu I get to know and her husband were dead tired at the foot of the Great Wall. After hearing the news, meng jiangnu cry for three days and three nights at the foot of the Great Wall, just listen to "bang" a loud walls down, to see the bodies of her husband!

　Now that we he stood on the badaling, stepping at the foot of the square brick, holding the stone on the wall, naturally think of the Great Wall is built. Tourists, look at these countless stone alone, with 2 - one thousand catties a enough at that time, there was also no crane, crane, forklift, rely on the shoulder, countless hands, step by step, carry on the steep mountains.

　Well, the beauty of the Great Wall I said also said not over, now please enjoy the beautiful scenery of the Great Wall!

　 长城英文导游词3

　In the north of China， there lies a 6，700-kilometer-long (4，161-mile-long) ancient wall. Now well-known as the Great Wall of China， it starts at the Jiayuguan Paof Gansu Province in the west and ends at the Shanhaiguan Paof Hebei Province in the east. As one of the Eight Wonders in the world， the Great Wall of China has become the symbol of the Chinese nation and its culture.

　Lots of beautiful legends and stories about the Great Wall took place following along the construction， and since that time these stories he spread around the country. Those that hened during construction are abundant， such as Meng Jiangnu‘s story and the legend of the Jiayuguan Pass. Meng Jiangnu‘s story is the most famous and widely spread of all the legends about the Great Wall. The story hened during the Qin Dynasty (221BC-206BC). It tells of how Meng Jiangnu‘s bitter weeping made a section of the Great Wall collapse. Meng Jiangnu‘s husband Fan Qiliang was caught by federal officials and sent to build the Great Wall. Meng Jiangnu heard nothing from him after his departure， so she set out to look for him. Unfortunately， by the time she reached the great wall， she discovered that her husband had already died. Hearing the bad news， she cried her heart out. Her howl caused the collapse of a part of the Great Wall. This story indicates that the Great Wall is the production of tens of thousands of Chinese commoners.

　htmlAnother legend about the Jiayuguan Patells of a workman named Yi Kaizhan in the Ming Dynasty (1368BC-1644BC) who was proficient in arithmetic. He calculated that it would need 99，999 bricks to build the Jiayuguan Pass. The supervisor did not believe him and said if they miscalculated by even one brick， then all the workmen would be punished to do hard work for three years. After the completion of the project， one brick was left behind the Xiwong city gate. The supervisor was hy at the sight of the brick and ready to punish them. However Yi Kaizhan said with deliberation that the brick was put there by a supernatural being to fix the wall. A tiny move would cause the collapse of the wall. Therefore the brick was kept there and never moved. It can still be found there today on the tower of the Jiayuguan Pass.

　In addition to the above-mentioned stories about the construction of the Great Wall， there are also plenty of stories about current scenic spots. A famous one is the legend of the Beacon Tower. This story hened during the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC-711 BC). King You had a queen named Bao Si， who was very pretty. King You liked her very much， however Bao Si never smiled. An official ge a suggestion that setting the beacon tower on fire would frighten the King‘s subjects， and might make the queen smile. King You liked the idea. The subjects were fooled and Bao Si smiled at the sight of the chaos. Later enemies invaded Western Zhou， King You set the beacon tower on fire to ask for help. No subjects came to help because they had been fooled once before. Thus， King Zhou was killed by the enemy and Western Zhou came to an end.

　Beautiful stories and legends about the Great Wall help to keep alive Chinese history and culture. In each dynasty after the building of the Great Wall， many more stories were created and spread.

　 长城英文导游词4

　The Great Wall, like the Pyramids of Egypt, the Taj Mahal(1) in India and the Hanging Garden of Babylon(2), is one of the great wonders of the world. Starting out in the east on the banks of the Yalu River in Liaoning Province, the Wall stretches westwards for 12,700 kilometers to Jiayuguan in the Gobi desert, thus known as the Ten Thousand Li Wall in China. The Wall climbs up and down, twists and turns along the ridges of the Yanshan and Yinshan Mountain Chains through five provinces-Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu--and two autonomous regions--Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, binding the northern China together.

　Historical records trace the construction of the origin of the Wall to defensive fortification back to the year 656 B.C. during the reign of King Cheng of the States of Chu. Its construction continued throughout the Warring States period in the fifth Century B.C. when ducal states Yan, Zhao, Wei, and Qin were frequently plundered by the nomadic peoples living north of the Yinshan and Yanshan mountain ranges. Walls, then, were built separately by these ducal states to ward off such harassments. Later in 221 B.C., when Qin conquered the other states and unified China, Emperor Qinshihuang ordered the connection of these individual walls and further extensions to form the basis of the present great wall. As a matter of fact, a separate outer wall was constructed north of the Yinshan range in the Han Dynasty(206 BC--1644 BC.), which went to ruin through years of neglect. In the many intervening centuries, succeeding dynasties rebuilt parts of the Wall. The most extensive reinforcements and renovations were carried out in the Ming Dynasty (1368--1644) when altogether 18 lengthy stretches were reinforced with bricks and rocks. it is mostly the Ming Dynasty Wall that visitors see today. The Great Wall is divided into two sections, the east and west, with Shanxi Province as the dividing line. The west part is a rammed earth construction, about 5.3 meters high on erage. In the eastern part, the core of the Wall is rammed earth as well, but the outer shell is reinforced with bricks and rocks. The most imposing and best preserved sections of the Great Wall are at Badaling and Mutianyu, not far from Beijing and both are open to visitors. The Wall of those sections is 7.8 meters high and 6.5 meters wide at its base, narrowing to 5.8 meters on the ramparts, wide enough for five horses to gallop abreast. There are ramparts, embrasures, peep-holes and apertures for archers on the top, besides gutters with gargoyles to drain rain-water off the parapet walk. Two-storied watch-towers are built at roximately 400-meters internals. The top stories of the watch-tower were designed for observing enemy movements, while the first was used for storing grain, fodder, military equipment and gunpowder as well as for quartering garrison soldiers. The highest watch-tower at Badaling standing on a hill-top, is reached only after a steep climb, like "climbing a ladder to heen". The view from the top is rewarding, hoverer. The Wall follows the contour of mountains that rise one behind the other until they finally fade and merge with distant haze. A signal system formerly existed that served to communicate military information to the dynastic capital. This consisted of beacon towers on the Wall itself and on mountain tops within sight of the Wall. At the roach of enemy troops, smoke signals ge the alarm from the beacon towers in the daytime and bonfire did this at night.

　Emergency signals could be relayed to the capital from distant places within a few hour long before the invention of anything like modern communications. There stand 14 major passes (Guan, in Chinese) at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall, the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan. Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing. Known as "Tian Xia Di YI Guan" (The First Pass Under Heen), Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast. It had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here. It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to the Manchus, leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty. (1644-1911) Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the "Strategic pass Under the Heen" as an important communication center in Chinese history. Cleft between the snow-ced Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains, it was on the ancient Silk Road. Zhang Qian, the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty (206 B.C-24 A.D), crossed it on his journey to the western regions. Later, silk flowed to the west through this pass too. The gate-tower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship. It has an inner city and an outer city, the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 11.7 meters high and 730 meters in circumference. It has two gates, an eastern one and a western one. On each gate sits a tower facing each other. the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers, one for each. Juyongguan, a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia, was built in a 15-kilometer long rine flanked by mountains. The calrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century. At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace, which was called the Crossing-Street Dagoba, since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas, built in the Yuan Daynasty(1206-1368). At the bottom of the terrace is a half-octagonal arch gateway, interesting for its wealth of detail: it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls. The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship. such grandiose relics works, with several stones pieced together, are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving. The gate jambs bear a multi-lingual Buddhist sutra, carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3), Tibetan, Mongolian, Uigur(4), Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia. Undouedly, they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages. As a cultural heritage, the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world. The Venice charter says: "Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works, but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations, significant social developments or historical events." The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture, and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world. In 1987, the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site.

　 长城英文导游词5

　Looks very spirit, today we will visit the Great Wall, please get ready. The Great Wall is the longest in China building is one of the most famous building in our country in its length to reach more than thir thousand, we often call it the Great Wall

　First we went to the Great Wall on foot, you see the Great Wall by tall solid, is made of huge stone and ChengZhuan. With square brick on the top of the wall, very smooth, like a wide road, WuLiuPi mark in parallel.

　Did you see the side holes like teeth, small square and a fort? Let me tell you what's the use of these three things? The hole like the teeth! It's called now.i hope mouth, I think you'll be scanned mouth phase know why is it called? I'll tell you, war, the eighth route army uncle there to see the situation, the small square called nozzle which is used for archery. The fortress was used for ChengTai can mutual echo.

　Everybody go tired, also hungry? Can eat the food, I send you a bag for garbage, remember not to litter, let me tell you a story, is the story about the Great Wall, qin shihuang before is just fight a lot, and then he thought of the built the Great Wall, and he put all men are caught to build the Great Wall of qin, qin shi huang is afraid of the men ran away, so give tied up in the men's feet. How much the sweat and wisdom of the working people to suspected as the former see head, after the end of the Great Wall.

　What do you think I this guide when? Next time I come to you when the tour guide.

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骨架券（Rib vault）又称肋架拱、肋架拱、肋骨拱、券架拱。所以他们都是对同一个的东西的不同称呼。